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  • 滑面粘土FIB-SEM分析

    分类: 地球科学 >> 地质学 提交时间: 2020-03-26

    摘要: 本文通过原位分析计算,获得滑面、邻近面特征粘土矿物种类及其相对含量、矿物粒径及孔隙率,实验以清晰可靠的物理图像和测试数据揭示滑面、邻近面矿物成分、结构的空间分布特征和差异,从而揭示土质斜坡破坏、滑面强度降低的物理路径和机制。实验采取新鲜未经后期风化滑带土,用AMICSCAN矿物分析电镜集高分辨场发射扫描电镜、最新一代(第三代)的矿物自动分析软件AMICS(Automatic Mineral Identification and Characterization System,分辨率可达0.5μm像素)和超大面积高分辨成像软件为一体的矿物分析和结构分析系统,依据矿物原子比例的唯一性,在识别矿物种类及其分布情况。其次,利用 FEI 公司的Helios NanoLab-650 聚焦电子束扫描电镜(FIB-SEM)并结合X 射线能谱仪(EDS)/以电镜的高分辨率背散射电子二维图像与能谱仪测得的特征谱相结合,借助Avizo Fire 软件基于能谱的点、线元素扫描图像和每间隔一微米扫描得出500帧聚焦电子束扫描电镜图像结合,可视化重建并计算滑带土的孔隙空间三维分布状态,并通过体积比近似折算成含量比,为揭示滑面形成路径和机理提供真实、准确可靠的证据。实验显示:1)微米尺度上,滑面、邻近面之间可见明显的分界,滑面厚度不均匀,在10纳米分辨率的背散射图像上,滑面结构致密孔隙小且较难分辨;2) 宽17微米,高19微米的立方体扫描切割3维立体滑带土样中,滑面部分孔隙率0.0331,邻近面部分孔隙率0.0754,邻近面孔隙率约为滑面的2.3倍;3)能谱仪特征谱图像和数据显示,滑面上蒙脱石特征元素Na、Ca、Mg峰明显,并且在分界线附近出现跳水式的陡降,证明滑面上蒙脱石富集,而邻近面却未检出蒙脱石;4)邻近面伊利石特征元素K高于滑面,即邻近面伊利石含量明显高于滑面。实验用清晰的物理图像和准确的能谱数据证实:滑面、邻近面存在矿物成分和结构的显著差异,滑面孔隙率低有可能是因为滑面上覆土体压力造成的。本文首次以原位实验的方法揭示滑面、邻近面矿物成分、孔隙率和结晶度及粒度空间差异,为揭示滑面演化路径提供了可靠的依据,为最终建立滑面、土体跨尺度演化模型,我们需要进行更多的滑面、邻近面成分结构差异、宏观强度、微纳尺度结构对比分析、以及矿物演化动力学过程分析。

  • Measuring colloidal forces between clay microparticles with optical tweezers

    分类: 地球科学 >> 地质学 提交时间: 2020-03-26

    摘要: The interaction forces between clay micro-particles play an important role in the macroscopic strength behavior of clayey soils. Optical tweezers were used in the present study to explore the interaction between clay micro- particles. This technology uses a highly focused laser beam to manipulate small objects and can also be used as a force transducer for the measurement of forces on the order of pico-Newtons (pN). Polystyrene beads were first used to measure the surface interactions between polystyrene beads and clay particles for accurate calibration of the system because of their perfectly spherical shape and optical homogeneity, and were successful in obtaining force mea- surements within the range of 20 pN. Subsequently the interactive force was measured when a small clay particle was moved along the surface of a large clay particle. The force measured varies as the interaction of clay surfaces may evolve along their relative motion, leading to force measurements up to 40 ∼ 80 pN. The present study shows a promising potential of optical tweezers in exploring the complex micro-scale phenomena in clay minerals.