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  • Hydrological and economic feasibility of mitigating a stressed coastal aquifer using managed aquifer recharge: a case study of Jamma aquifer, Oman

    分类: 地球科学 >> 地理学 提交时间: 2019-01-17 合作期刊: 《干旱区科学》

    摘要: This study explored the hydrological and economic feasibility of managed aquifer recharge (MAR) using tertiary treated wastewater (TWW) to mitigate salinity in the coastal aquifer of Jamma, Oman. A steady-state groundwater flow and transport model, using MODFLOW software, was developed and calibrated. Different managerial scenarios were simulated and the results reveal that the Jamma aquifer will be further deteriorated in the next 20 a if it remains unmanaged. The groundwater table will decline further by more than 3 m on average; and the iso-concentration salinity line of 1500 mg/L will advance 2.7 km inland, which will severely affect the farming activities in the area. However, MAR using TWW when integrated with the management of groundwater abstraction (e.g., using modern irrigation systems to reduce the abstraction rate) becomes hydrologically feasible to augment the aquifer storage and control seawater intrusion, and hence improves the farming activities. The results indicate that: (1) injecting TWW in the vicinity of irrigation wells (Scenario A2); (2) investing in smart water meters and online control of pumping from the wells to reduce the abstraction rate by 25% (Scenario B); and (3) a combination of both (Scenario B2) are feasible scenarios with positive net present values. Recharge in upstream areas is found not economically feasible because of the very high investment cost of the installation of pipes to transport the TWW over a distance of 12.5 km. Because of securing funds are challenging, Scenario B would be the best option and the second-best option is Scenario A2. Scenario B2 has the lowest net benefit investment ratio and is very attractive because it entails integrated demand and supply management of groundwater. It is required to reduce pumping and to invest in injecting TWW to improve groundwater quality in the vicinity of irrigation wells and to form a hydrological barrier to control seawater intrusion in the long run.

  • Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi ameliorate the chemical properties and enzyme activities of rhizosphere soil in reclaimed mining subsidence in northwestern China

    分类: 地球科学 >> 地理学 提交时间: 2019-01-17 合作期刊: 《干旱区科学》

    摘要: In semi-arid region of northwestern China, underground mining subsidence often results in decreased vegetation coverage, impoverishment of soil fertility and water stress. In addition, the physical-chemical and biological properties of soil also change, resulting in more susceptible to degradation. In particular, subsidence causes disturbance of the symbioses of plant and microbe that can play a beneficial role in the establishment of vegetation communities in degraded ecosystems. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of revegetation with exotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculum on the chemical and biological properties of soil over time in mining subsidence areas. Soils were sampled at a depth up to 30 cm in the adjacent rhizosphere of Amorpha fruticose Linn. from five reclaimed vegetation communities in northwestern China. In August 2015, a field trial was set up with five historical revegetation experiments established in 2008 (7-year), 2011 (4-year), 2012 (3-year), 2013 (2-year) and 2014 (1-year), respectively. Each reclamation experiment included two treatments, i.e., revegetation with exotic AMF inoculum (AMF) and non-AMF inoculum (the control). Root mycorrhizal colonization, glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP), soil organic carbon (SOC), soil nutrients, and enzyme activities were also assessed. The results showed that mycorrhizal colonization of inoculated plants increased by 33.3%–163.0% compared to that of non-inoculated plants (P<0.05). Revegetation with exotic AMF inoculum also significantly improved total GRSR (T-GRSP) and easily extracted GRSP (EE-GRSP) concentrations compared to control, besides the T-GRSP in 1-year experiment and the EE-GRSP in 2-year experiment. A significant increase in SOC content was only observed in 7-year AMF reclaimed soils compared to non-AMF reclaimed soils. Soil total N (TN), Olsen phosphorus (P) and available potassium (K) were significantly higher in inoculated soil after 1–7 years of reclamation (except for individual cases), and increased with reclamation time (besides soil Olsen P). The exotic AMF inoculum markedly increased the average soil invertase, catalase, urease and alkaline phosphatase by 23.8%, 21.3%, 18.8% and 8.6%, respectively (P<0.01), compared with the control. Root mycorrhizal colonization was positively correlated with soil parameters (SOC, TN and soil available K) and soil enzyme activities (soil invertase, catalase, urease and alkaline phosphatase) in both AMF and non-AMF reclaimed soils (P<0.05), excluding available K in non-AMF reclaimed soils. T-GRSP (P<0.01) and EE-GRSP (P<0.05) were significantly correlated with the majority of edaphic factors, except for soil Olsen P. The positive correlation between root mycorrhizal colonization and available K was observed in AMF reclaimed soils, indicating that the AMF reclaimed soil with a high root mycorrhizal colonization could potentially accumulate available K in soils. Our findings concluded that revegetation with exotic AMF inoculum influenced soil nutrient availability and enzyme activities in the semi-arid ecosystem, suggesting that inoculating AMF can be an effective method to improve soil fertility and support restoration of vegetation communities under poor conditions like soil nutrient deficiency and drought.

  • Interaction between climate and management on beta diversity components of vegetation in relation to soil properties in arid and semi-arid oak forests, Iran

    分类: 地球科学 >> 地理学 提交时间: 2019-01-17 合作期刊: 《干旱区科学》

    摘要: This study aimed to investigate the interaction between regions with different climatic conditions (arid vs. semi-arid) and management (protected vs. unprotected) on the turnover and nestedness of vegetation in relation to physical, chemical and biological properties of soils in the Ilam Province of Iran. In each of the two regions, we sampled 8 sites (4 managed and 4 unmanaged sites) within each of which we established 4 circular plots (1000 m2) that were used to investigate woody species, while two micro-plots (1 m×1 m) were established in each 1000-m2 plot to analyze herbaceous species. In each sample unit, we also extracted three soil samples (0–20 cm depth) for measuring soil properties. The results indicated that the interaction between region and conservational management significantly affected the percent of canopy cover of Persian oak (Quercus brantii Linddl), soil respiration, substrate-induced respiration, as well as beta and gamma diversities and turnover of plant species. The percent of oak canopy cover was positively correlated with soil silt, electrical conductivity, available potassium, and alpha diversity, whereas it was negatively correlated with plant turnover. In addition, plant turnover was positively related to available phosphorus, while nestedness of species was positively related to organic carbon and total nitrogen. According to these results, we concluded that physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of limited ecological niche generally influenced plant diversity. Also, this study demonstrated the major contribution of the beta diversity on gamma diversity, especially in semi-arid region, because of the higher heterogeneity of vegetation in this area.

  • Environmental factors influencing snowfall and snowfall prediction in the Tianshan Mountains, Northwest China

    分类: 地球科学 >> 地理学 提交时间: 2019-01-17 合作期刊: 《干旱区科学》

    摘要: Snowfall is one of the dominant water resources in the mountainous regions and is closely related to the development of the local ecosystem and economy. Snowfall predication plays a critical role in understanding hydrological processes and forecasting natural disasters in the Tianshan Mountains, where meteorological stations are limited. Based on climatic, geographical and topographic variables at 27 meteorological stations during the cold season (October to April) from 1980 to 2015 in the Tianshan Mountains located in Xinjiang of Northwest China, we explored the potential influence of these variables on snowfall and predicted snowfall using two methods: multiple linear regression (MLR) model (a conventional measuring method) and random forest (RF) model (a non-parametric and non-linear machine learning algorithm). We identified the primary influencing factors of snowfall by ranking the importance of eight selected predictor variables based on the relative contribution of each variable in the two models. Model simulations were compared using different performance indices and the results showed that the RF model performed better than the MLR model, with a much higher R2 value (R2=0.74; R2, coefficient of determination) and a lower bias error (RSR=0.51; RSR, the ratio of root mean square error to standard deviation of observed dataset). This indicates that the non-linear trend is more applicable for explaining the relationship between the selected predictor variables and snowfall. Relative humidity, temperature and longitude were identified as three of the most important variables influencing snowfall and snowfall prediction in both models, while elevation, aspect and latitude were of secondary importance, followed by slope and wind speed. These results will be beneficial to understand hydrological modeling and improve management and prediction of water resources in the Tianshan Mountains.

  • Climate change, water resources and sustainable development in the arid and semi-arid lands of Central Asia in the past 30 years

    分类: 地球科学 >> 地理学 提交时间: 2019-01-17 合作期刊: 《干旱区科学》

    摘要: The countries of Central Asia are collectively known as the five ''-stans'': Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and Kazakhstan. In recent times, the Central Asian region has been affected by the shrinkage of the Aral Sea, widespread desertification, soil salinization, biodiversity loss, frequent sand storms, and many other ecological disasters. This paper is a review article based upon the collection, identification and collation of previous studies of environmental changes and regional developments in Central Asia in the past 30 years. Most recent studies have reached a consensus that the temperature rise in Central Asia is occurring faster than the global average. This warming trend will not only result in a higher evaporation in the basin oases, but also to a significant retreat of glaciers in the mountainous areas. Water is the key to sustainable development in the arid and semi-arid regions in Central Asia. The uneven distribution, over consumption, and pollution of water resources in Central Asia have caused severe water supply problems, which have been affecting regional harmony and development for the past 30 years. The widespread and significant land use changes in the 1990s could be used to improve our understanding of natural variability and human interaction in the region. There has been a positive trend of trans-border cooperation among the Central Asian countries in recent years. International attention has grown and research projects have been initiated to provide water and ecosystem protection in Central Asia. However, the agreements that have been reached might not be able to deliver practical action in time to prevent severe ecological disasters. Water management should be based on hydrographic borders and ministries should be able to make timely decisions without political intervention. Fully integrated management of water resources, land use and industrial development is essential in Central Asia. The ecological crisis should provide sufficient motivation to reach a consensus on unified water management throughout the region.

  • 民居型景区空间分布特征及影响因素研究 ——以山西大院民居为例

    分类: 地球科学 >> 地理学 提交时间: 2019-01-11 合作期刊: 《干旱区地理》

    摘要: 民居大院景区是人文景观中最主要的组成部分。本文以山西省136个“山西大院名居型景区”为研究对象,通过谷歌地球(Google Earth)、百度地图确定坐标基本地理信息。运用Arcgis10.3空间分析法进行可视化表达,分析山西大院景区的空间分布格局及影响因素。结果表明:①山西11个地市的136个大院景区整体空间分布上呈现较均匀状态。②山西大院景区存在较为明显的空间差异,形成七个明显密度集聚中心与两个密度集聚区域,整体分布方向将沿东北—西南方向布局。③市域分布不均衡,呈现集中于以晋中、晋城为依托的周边地区。④高程空间格局显示,74.26%的大院景区海拔高度在1500m~2500m范围中,海拔从宏观上影响大院景区的总体空间格局。⑤大院景区整体距河流平均距离为2.3km,且具有沿河流走势分布的特征。⑥大院景区分布具有倾向城市格局,表现为中心-外围逐渐递减的特点。

  • 新疆绿洲城镇组群内部经济联系及空间差异测度研究

    分类: 地球科学 >> 地理学 提交时间: 2019-01-11 合作期刊: 《干旱区地理》

    摘要: 绿洲城镇组群是新疆特殊区域形成的规模相对较小的单一中心空间自组织模式。运用城市中心性指数、城市经济联系模型和Theil系数对新疆八大绿洲城镇组群内部城镇中心性、经济联系及空间差异测度。结果显示:绿洲城镇组群内部的中心城市的中心性职能较强,周边城镇的中心性职能相对较弱,形成了单中心的空间自组织模式;绿洲城镇组群内部经济联系量和经济联系隶属度大小的排序一致,离中心城市的距离越近、经济发展水平越高,经济联系隶属度越高;近10 a年来绿洲城镇组群的整体空间差异一直在扩大,且呈现出继续扩大趋势。在此基础上,提出了建立区域合作协调机制、明确城镇组群发展方向、增强中心城市的辐射带动作用、实现产业合理分工以及构建制度保障体系促进绿洲城镇组群的协同发展。

  • 基于MODIS和TRMM数据的黄土高原 农业干旱监测

    分类: 地球科学 >> 地理学 提交时间: 2019-01-11 合作期刊: 《干旱区地理》

    摘要: 农业干旱对农业生产影响最为严重,基于站点观测数据的干旱指数不能准确监测区域尺度的农业干旱特征。因此,本文利用2003—2010年MODIS地表温度(LST)、植被指数(NDVI)和TRMM降水(3B43)数据以及1960—2015年黄土高原地区及周边92个气象站点的月均温和月降水量数据,构建了综合遥感干旱监测模型规模干旱条件指数(Scale Drought Condition Index,SDCI),对黄土高原地区农用地生长季(4~10月)旱情的时空分布特征进行研究,结果表明:黄土高原地区农用地生长季多年平均干旱状态为中度干旱,干旱程度在空间上表现为西北部较严重,东南部较轻。2003—2010年黄土高原地区旱情年际变化呈缓慢加重趋势,2003—2007年旱情持续加重,2007—2009旱情缓慢减轻,2009—2010年旱情又加重。黄土高原地区旱情年内变化表现4-8月持续减轻,8-10月持续加重,干旱程度具体表现为4月呈严重干旱,5月、6月和10月呈中度干旱,7月、8月和9月呈轻度干旱。研究表明利用多源遥感数据构建的具有适当权重的SDCI可以有效监测黄土高原地区作物生长季的干旱状况。

  • 2000-2016年中亚天山植被变化及气候分异研究

    分类: 地球科学 >> 地理学 提交时间: 2019-01-11 合作期刊: 《干旱区地理》

    摘要: 本研究利用MODIS-NDVI产品生成中亚天山2000-2016年植被覆盖度,利用线性回归法和偏相关法分析了中亚天山植被时空变化特征及驱动因子。结果表明:中亚天山植被生长及变化趋势具有显著的区域分异性,纬度分区上,中天山和北天山西部植被覆盖度较高的草原、农田和森林在2000-2016年呈现退化趋势;南天山和北天山东部植被覆盖度较低的荒漠、草原和灌丛在同期表现出改善趋势,而中国境内的东天山与境外的西天山相比具有较低的植被覆盖度以及总体改善的变化趋势。中亚天山气候在2000-2016年显示出“暖湿化”特征,温度升高幅度(5.9%)远大于降水增加幅度(1.3%),温度、降水与植被覆盖度的显著相关比例为18.0%和42.6%,降水是中亚天山植被变化的主要气候驱动因素。以巴音布鲁克草原为代表的东天山部分草原受到过度放牧的影响而退化严重,建议加强植被退化区的生态修复与保护力度。

  • 基于CiteSpace国内干旱遥感监测的知识图谱分析

    分类: 地球科学 >> 地理学 提交时间: 2019-01-11 合作期刊: 《干旱区地理》

    摘要: 利用CiteSpace软件对1995~2017年中国知网的“SCI来源期刊”、“EI来源期刊”、“核心期刊”以及“CSSCI来源期刊”数据库中有关干旱遥感监测研究的642篇文献进行可视化分析得到知识图谱。结果表明:国内经历了传统基于站点的干旱监测、小范围的干旱遥感监测试验到大范围干旱遥感监测及应用三个阶段;干旱遥感监测主要从“干旱监测”、“遥感监测”、“温度植被干旱指数”、“土壤湿度”、“地表温度”以及“归一化植被指数”等方向展开;王鹏新、张树誉、张强等是主要的发文作者;中国科学院、中国气象局、中国农业大学等是主要的发文机构。基于多源信息的干旱综合监测模型、大范围干旱监测评估、预警以及决策支持系统、干旱遥感监测技术在社会服务方面的应用以及加强国内学者与机构之间的交流合作是未来国内干旱监测研究几个重要方面。

  • 基于Logistic回归模型的内蒙古多伦县土地沙漠化驱动力分析

    分类: 地球科学 >> 地理学 提交时间: 2019-01-11 合作期刊: 《干旱区地理》

    摘要: 以内蒙古多伦县1960、1975、1987、1995、2000、2005年的土地沙漠化矢量数据及2010年2015年的遥感影像、地形图为主要数据来源,运用NEVI5.0和ArcGIS10.2软件提取8个时期土地沙漠化空间信息,划分为轻度沙漠化、中度沙漠化、重度沙漠化、严重沙漠化等不同类型进行时空分异特征分析。结合研究区实际情况,选取海拔高程、年均气温、降水量、平均风速、牲畜数量、第一产业、居民点距离等统计数据,运用Logistic回归模型定量分析了土地沙漠化动力机制,为京津风沙源区防治土地沙漠化,改善生态环境提供科学理论依据。结果表明:1960-2015年间多伦县土地沙漠化面积呈减少趋势,其中1960年到1995年间呈发展趋势,1995-2015年间呈减少趋势;1960-1995年间各类土地沙漠化增长的主导因子是第一产业和居民点距离;而在1995-2015年间影响各类土地沙漠化的主导因子是降水量、牲畜数量、第一产业和居民点距离。今后,继续控制牲畜数量、实施土地沙漠化治理政策来逆转土地沙漠化发展。

  • 塔里木胡杨自然保护区湿地景观季相分析

    分类: 地球科学 >> 地理学 提交时间: 2019-01-11 合作期刊: 《干旱区地理》

    摘要: 湿地景观变化是区域生态环境的一个重要指示器,其扩张和萎缩对区域生态环境将产生重要影响。为了准确评估新疆塔里木胡杨国家自然保护区湿地景观在枯水季与丰水季的变化规律,研究采用遥感手段,通过分析同一年份枯水期与丰水期二期遥感数据,对保护区湿地景观格局进行分析。研究得出:(1)保护区湿地面积约为13万ha,沼泽湿地是研究区湿地的主要类型,约占湿地总面积的74%,河流湿地与人工湿地占比约为13%。(2)丰水期与枯水期相比,湿地各类型面积(除人工湿地外)均呈现增加趋势。河流湿地变动最为剧烈,其中永久性河流变动幅度最大,达84.37%;沼泽湿地面积变化幅度较小,人工湿地面积基本没有变化。造成湿地面积年内变动主要是由于塔里木河中游来水量季节分配不均,洪、枯悬殊以及农业用水时段的差异造成的。(3)丰水期与枯水期相比,共有7791.25 ha发生了类型转化,其中其它类型转化为湿地占50.55%,草本沼泽面积发生转化占26.24%。季节性或间歇性河流变动最为激烈,有94.2%的面积发生转化。研究得到了保护区湿地景观格局在同一年内不同时间和空间上的变化,揭示了湿地景观季相变化动因,为保护区湿地保护政策的提出提供科学依据。

  • 金沙江干热河谷不同植被坡面土壤水分时空分布特征

    分类: 地球科学 >> 地理学 提交时间: 2019-01-11 合作期刊: 《干旱区地理》

    摘要: 于2016年7~12月和2017年4月的旱、雨季期间,以金沙江干热河谷苴那小流域内的银合欢(Leucaena Benth)林地、车桑子(Dodonaea angustifolia)灌丛地和扭黄茅(Heteropogon cantortus)草地为研究对象,通过网格法和土钻法采集并测定了(0~100 cm)土层的土壤含水量,应用经典统计法和地统计学方法分析该区域不同林草植被下坡面土壤水分的动态变化特征。结果表明:(1)研究区土壤含水量总体较低,雨季显著大于旱季,旱、雨季均表现为灌丛地>草地>林地,呈中度至强度变异(0.07~0.28之间)。(2)不同林草植被下旱、雨季土壤水分具有相似的空间自相关性,自相关系数均由正向负转变,但由正向负转变的滞后距离有所不同,且雨季大于旱季,呈中等或强等空间自相关性。(3)不同林草植被下的土壤水分空间结构不同,林地、灌丛地和草地旱雨季最佳拟合模型均为球状模型;相同林草植被下各土层旱、雨季土壤水分的空间分布特征相似,但旱季的分布格局差异更显著,不同林草植被下深层土壤水分分布比表层土壤水分的分布更为复杂,土壤水分呈明显的斑块或条带状分布,含水量高值区和低值区位置不固定。总之不同林草植被类型会改变局部地段土壤水分空间分布,降雨会加强这种差异的趋势,但土壤水分仍具一定空间连续性。

  • 气候变化背景下玛纳斯河流域绿洲适宜规模研究

    分类: 地球科学 >> 地理学 提交时间: 2019-01-11 合作期刊: 《干旱区地理》

    摘要: 近年来干旱区人工绿洲规模不断扩大造成水资源日益紧张,其可持续利用面临新的挑战。为宏观调控水资源提供依据,本文基于水热平衡原理,以干旱区典型绿洲玛纳斯河流域为研究区,采用2000、2005、2010和2015年的水文气象资料和各年(6~8月)TM遥感影像数据,分析了玛纳斯河流域在温室气体中、高排放(RCP4.5和RCP8.5)两种气候情景下,以及理想绿洲结构(AbdEI-Ghani)、现有绿洲结构两种绿洲分布情景下的绿洲适宜规模。研究结果显示:玛纳斯河流域2005、2010、2015年实际绿洲面积分别为2000年实际绿洲面积的109%,114.91%,92.39%;2005、2010、2015年适宜绿洲面积分别为2000年适宜绿洲面积的111.39%,118.8%,115.39%。2020年和2030年的结果对比发现,相同气候情景下AbdEI-Ghani绿洲结构的适宜绿洲面积低于现状结构下的绿洲面积,表明如果按照现状趋势发展,绿洲表现出过度开发的趋势。

  • 博斯腾湖流域潜在蒸散发时空演变及归因分析

    分类: 地球科学 >> 地理学 提交时间: 2019-01-11 合作期刊: 《干旱区地理》

    摘要: 本研究采用博斯腾湖流域1970—2014年的气象站点数据及Penman-Monteith公式计算潜在蒸散发(ET0),对比分析了流域山区和平原区ET0的时空变化及对主要气象因子的不同影响。结果表明:1)在年际尺度上,山区ET0在1970—2000年整体呈波动下降的趋势(P<0.01),2000年开始,ET0呈现略微上升的趋势;平原区ET0在1970—1993年间以-77 mm/10a的速率呈减小的趋势(P<0.01),1993年之后逆转为以83.8 mm/10a的速率呈上升趋势(P<0.01),平原区的变化明显强于山区。2)季节上呈现夏季为流域ET0最高的季节,是年变化的主要贡献者;而变化趋势则表现为平原区春季和夏季ET0大于山区,秋季和冬季略小于山区。3)ET0变化对净辐射和风速最为敏感,同时,山区净辐射和风速对ET0变化的贡献率最大,平原区影响ET0变化的主导因素是风速,风速对ET0的贡献率均超过50%。

  • 不同时间尺度的MOS方法对宁夏气温预报的影响

    分类: 地球科学 >> 地理学 提交时间: 2019-01-11 合作期刊: 《干旱区地理》

    摘要: 掌握NMC和本地客观产品的气温预报能力,对提高宁夏城镇天气预报质量和全国排名有重要的意义。基于2009年1月~2014年12月T639和ECMWF两种模式产品及宁夏20个国家级观测站气温资料,采用资料按月和季划分的2种MOS方法,预报未来168 h最高、最低气温,运用宁夏现行的检验评估方法对2015年1月到2016年6月的预报效果进行检验,并与预报员(YBY)和中央气象台指导产品(NMC)对比,结果表明:MOS方法预报宁夏气温,整体预报效果优于NMC,资料按月划分的MOS预报效果优于资料按季划分,ECMOS月和T639MOS月是最高和最低气温的最优客观产品;最低气温预报中YBY优于T639MOS月,最高气温预报中ECMOS月优于YBY;两种最优客观预报产品一致的物理量为集中在中低层或地面的相当位温或假相当位温、温度、湿位涡、高度等,但各自还有一些起关键作用的入选因子影响最高、最低气温的预报。

  • 克鲁伦河流域下游水体氢氧同位素与水化学特征

    分类: 地球科学 >> 地理学 提交时间: 2019-01-11 合作期刊: 《干旱区地理》

    摘要: 通过对克鲁伦河流域下游河水与地下水的主要离子水化学与氢氧同位素进行分析,结合区域水文地质资料,利用Durov图、空间插值、统计分析等方法分析了河水与地下水水化学与氢氧同位素特征。结果表明,河水的水化学类型主要为Na-Ca-HCO3型,地下水水化学类型为Na-Cl和Ca-Na-HCO型。克鲁伦河水主要离子浓度与氢氧同位素空间分布特征显著较地下水稳定、空间差异小。流域内地下水与地表水主要来自降水补给,地下水也是克鲁伦河的主要补给源。氘盈余变化揭示出克鲁伦河水的蒸发分馏程度强于地下水,除流域内水体蒸发主要受地质地貌影响外,人类活动对河水的影响显著于周边地下水。G3点所在的西庙为一个完整独立的水文地质单元,其表现出的水化学与氢氧同位素特征均异于其他地下水。流域内部分地下水F-含量超标,虽然一定程度是受人类活动影响,但更多的是基于综合水文地质条件基础上的自然现象,已严重威胁人类生存,应引起当地有关部门的高度重视,避免氟中毒事件重现。

  • 新疆三大山区可降水量时空分布特征

    分类: 地球科学 >> 地理学 提交时间: 2019-01-11 合作期刊: 《干旱区地理》

    摘要: 利用美国宇航局(NASA)发布的2003年1月~2015年12月的AIRS Standard Physical Retrieval Edition 6.0中的level2的反演数据,对新疆及其周边地区--特别是三大山区近13 a的可降水量的时空分布特征进行了研究。结果表明,从空间分布看,可降水量高值区主要集中在盆地地区,尤其在塔里木盆地、准最低值达1.92 mm;新疆及其周边地区可降水量所有格点13 a平均值来看,总体上,夏季最高,冬季最低。从时间分布看,对新疆及其周边地区、天山、昆仑山和阿尔泰山四个研究区域分别进行区域平均,发现以个区域年变化呈单峰型,从1~7月的可降水量逐渐增加,8~12月份的可降水量逐月减少;可降水量的整体年际变化趋势是一致的,2003—2010年呈上升趋势,2010—2015年呈下降趋势。

  • 京津冀夏季强降水下冰云宏微观特征

    分类: 地球科学 >> 地理学 提交时间: 2019-01-11 合作期刊: 《干旱区地理》

    摘要: 根据Aqua MODIS 2级云产品和Cloudsat的2级产品资料,结合降水数据和MODIS L1B级辐射率数据,对发生在京津冀地区夏季的三次强降水过程中冰云的宏微观物理量的特征进行分析,并探究这些物理量和降水强度的关系。结果表明:在水平分布中,强降水过程中降水强度高值区内云相为冰云,冰云云顶高度在8~17 km,冰云粒子有效半径、冰云光学厚度、冰水路径分别最高可达60 μm、 150、 5 000 g∙m^(-2);冰云光学厚度、冰水路径、冰云云顶高度随降水强度增大而增大。在垂直分布中,冰云主要分布在3.5 km以上,发生强降水站点的冰云为深对流云,冰云粒子有效半径、冰水含量、冰云粒子数浓度分别最高可达150 μm、 3 000 mg∙m^(-3) 、 500 L^(-1);冰云粒子有效半径高值区存在于云层中下部,且随高度上升而减小,冰云粒子数浓度高值区存在于云层中上部,且随高度上升而增加,冰水含量高值区则存在于云层中部;冰云粒子有效半径、冰水含量、冰云粒子数浓度在9 km以上随降水强度增大而增大。

  • 2001-2017年祁连山积雪面积时空变化特征

    分类: 地球科学 >> 地理学 提交时间: 2019-01-11 合作期刊: 《干旱区地理》

    摘要: 科学监测祁连山积雪面积及变化特征对该区域气候研究、雪水资源开发利用、环境灾害预报及生态环境保护等具有重要意义。基于2001—2017年MOD10A2积雪产品和气象数据,分析祁连山积雪面积动态变化特征及与气温降水关系。结果显示:(1)2001—2017年祁连山积雪面积年际波动趋势较大,呈减小趋势,多年平均积雪面积约为5x104 km2,占祁连山总面积的25.9%;年内变化成 “M”型,即在一个积雪年中有两个波峰和波谷,波峰出现在11月和1月,波谷出现在7月;季节变化波动趋势较大,夏冬季积雪面积减小趋势大于春季,秋季呈现略微增加趋势。(2)祁连山区积雪面积主要分布在3 000~4 000 m及4 000~5 000 m,积雪覆盖率随着海拔上升呈现逐渐增大的趋势;祁连山区不同坡向积雪覆盖面积差异较大,积雪覆盖率差异较小;积雪频率高值区呈典型的条带状分布,与祁连山地形相一致,呈西北-东南分布,积雪频率高值区的分布西部大于东部。(3)初步分析认为祁连山积雪面积变化对气温要素更敏感。