分类： 地球科学 >> 海洋科学 分类： 材料科学 >> 材料科学（综合） 提交时间： 2017-03-31 合作期刊: 《腐蚀科学与防护技术》
摘要： 采用失重分析、极化曲线测试和SEM分析手段，研究了模拟海洋大气环境下直流电场对碳钢初期腐蚀行为的影响。结果表明，直流电场的存在加速了碳钢的初期腐蚀速率，但并没有改变其腐蚀动力学；直流电场存在有利于具有亚稳片状结构的γ-FeOOH的形成，同时抑制了γ-FeOOH向具有保护性能的α-FeOOH的转化，从而导致锈层的保护性能下降，加速了碳钢的腐蚀。
分类： 地球科学 >> 海洋科学 提交时间： 2017-04-10 合作期刊: 《材料研究学报》
摘要： 采用线性离子束技术在 PET 基材表面制备类金刚石薄膜，分析薄膜结构、性能随离子束电流的演变规律 并研究了薄膜润湿特性与表面形貌、结构、表面能的作用关系。结果表明:沉积在 PET 表面的类金刚石薄膜具 有典型的非晶碳膜结构特征，随着离子束电流的增大 sp2/sp3 比值由 0.774 增加到 1.622，薄膜表面的石墨化程度 提高;改性后的 PET 材料接触角从 63.51°增大到 103.7°。进一步分析发现，疏水性能的提高归因于材料表面能 的降低，表面石墨化程度的提高和微-纳结构的形成是表面能降低的根本原因。此外，疏水的 PET 材料在 500~ 760 nm可见光范围内具有一定的増透效果，透过率达到88.5%以上。用线性离子束沉积碳膜及刻蚀技术能得 到合适的微观形貌和表面化学结构，可在保持基体材料透明性的同时提高 PET 柔性聚合物材料的疏水性能。
分类： 材料科学 >> 材料科学（综合） 分类： 地球科学 >> 海洋科学 提交时间： 2017-03-31 合作期刊: 《腐蚀科学与防护技术》
摘要： 运用开路电位、交流阻抗、阳极极化曲线和电化学频率调制技术研究了304不锈钢在不同温度（60~90℃）及不同海水（一级反渗透淡化海水、天然海水、1.6倍浓缩海水）中的点蚀行为。结果表明，304不锈钢在一级反渗透淡化海水中随着温度的升高点蚀敏感性增加；在发生点蚀前的钝化状态下，304不锈钢在一级反渗透淡化海水中比在海水中腐蚀严重；304不锈钢的点蚀敏感性随Cl-浓度的升高而增加；304不锈钢在80℃下的一级反渗透淡化海水中随浸泡时间的延长，腐蚀速率逐渐增大，且在浸泡1d时即有发生点蚀的倾向，在第10d时已经发生了点蚀。
分类： 材料科学 >> 材料科学（综合） 分类： 地球科学 >> 海洋科学 提交时间： 2016-11-14 合作期刊: 《中国腐蚀与防护学报》
摘要： 本文采用失重法、电化学测试技术、原子力显微镜和电子探针显微分析等方法考察了Na2MoO4-有机膦A复合缓蚀剂对55%LiBr+0.07mol/L LiOH溶液中碳钢的缓蚀性能。结果表明，240℃时添加800mg/L Na2MoO4-有机膦A复合缓蚀剂的55%LiBr+0.07mol/L LiOH溶液中碳钢腐蚀速度为43.2μm/a。沸腾的55%LiBr+0.07mol/L LiOH溶液中添加该缓蚀剂后，碳钢的钝化电位区间拓宽，钝化电流密度降低，反应电阻Rt值显著增加，缓蚀效率可达94.4%。该缓蚀剂能使碳钢表面形成显微结构为孤岛状的膜层，主要成分为铁和钼的氧化物。
分类： 地球科学 >> 空间物理学 提交时间： 2017-03-10
摘要： 针对风云三号C星微波湿温探测仪(FY-3C/MWHTS)的陆地晴空观测资料，建立了一维变分反演系统，对大气的温湿廓线进行反演。为了更好的描述温湿廓线的相关性，同时减小温度和湿度在反演过程中相互之间的误差传递，提出了使用背景协方差矩阵的联合矩阵和单独矩阵进行组合反演的方法。对于MWHTS模拟亮温和观测亮温之间的偏差，使用逐扫描点的统计回归方法进行校正。选择我国部分陆地区域的晴空观测亮温进行温湿廓线的反演，并利用欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)再分析数据、美国国家环境预报中心(NCEP)分析数据以及无线电探空观测(RAOB)数据对反演结果进行验证，温湿廓线的反演结果与ECMWF再分析数据验证的最大均方根误差分别是2.59 K和11.87%，与NCEP分析数据验证的最大均方根误差分别是1.88 K和21.50%，与RAOB数据验证的最大均方根误差分别是3.43 K和25.48%，验证结果表明了反演结果的可靠性。另外与国外同类载荷AMSU观测亮温的物理方法和统计方法反演精度进行了对比，结果表明：MWHTS具有较强的湿度廓线以及高空温度廓线的探测能力，且针对MWHTS的观测亮温建立的一维变分反演系统具有较高的反演精度。与NCEP 6小时预报廓线的验证结果表明：反演的湿度廓线可以提高预报廓线的精度。
分类： 地球科学 >> 空间物理学 分类： 地球科学 >> 海洋科学 提交时间： 2017-03-23
摘要： 海洋沉积物中天然气水合物的存在与分布与地温条件紧密相关。南海北部陆坡大部分区域更、全新世沉积速率较高，同时局部地区(如神狐天然气水合物钻探区)发育有大量的海底冲蚀谷。这些快速沉积或侵蚀作用可以对地温场及天然气水合物的形成与赋存产生重要影响，然而目前注意到这些问题的研究相对较少。本文中我们结合南海北部陆坡的实际情况，建立了针对地温场发生动态变化时的水合物成藏数值模型。我们给出两个成藏模拟案例，其一是快速沉积的情形，其二是地形遭受侵蚀、产生冲蚀谷时的情形。结果表明，在这两种情形下地温场将发生不同的瞬态调整，并对天然气水合物在地层中聚集及分布产状产生重要影响。在快速沉积发生时，地温梯度将变小，天然气水合物稳定带（HSZ）将增厚；然而当其底界将随着热传递而上升，天然气水合物将不断在原稳定带底界分解，而后在新的稳定带底界处重新生成水合物。这样长时间的快速沉积作用可以造成水合物主要富集在稳定带底界处。而当快速侵蚀作用发生时，地温梯度将变大，天然气水合物稳定带的厚度将变薄，原来位于冲蚀谷处的水合物藏将被侵蚀作用破坏。而后，随着热平衡的发展，逐渐形成新的、类似于似海底反射层的稳定带底界。单纯考虑甲烷扩散作用下，高丰度水合物的形成需要较长的时间，相对而言脊下的水合物成藏较好，形成矿点的概率较大。 The occurrence and distribution of gas hydrate in marine sediments is closely related to the state of geothermal field. The sedimentation rate is relatively high during the Pleistocene and Holocene in the northern margin of the South China Sea. Moreover, there are many erosional canyons at the sea bottom in some local areas. Such fast sedimentation and erosion can greatly affect the geothermal regime and the formation and occurrence of gas hydrate deposits. However, there are few studies that consider such scenarios. In this study, considering the geological reality, we build a numerical reservoir model aimed to simulate the evaluation of the gas hydrate system upon two cases: the fast sedimentation and the development of erosional canyons. The results indicate the geothermal filed and the accumulation and distribution of gas hydrate can be adjusted dynamically when the fast sedimentation or erosion occurs. Under fast sedimentation, the geothermal gradient becomes smaller and the thickness of gas hydrate stability zone (HSZ) becomes larger. However, due to the role of heat transfer, the bottom of HSZ rises upward. This process leads to the hydrate near the previous bottom of HSZ being dissociated and depositing near the bottom of new HSZ. After a long duration, the fast sedimentation will result the formation of hydrate being mainly enriched near the bottom of HSZ. By contrast, when fast erosion occurs, the geothermal gradient increases and the HSZ turn thinner. The gas hydrate deposit system can be partially destroyed by the formation of canyons. A long time is necessary for the recovery of a gas hydrate deposit with significant abundance. Relatively, the deposits under the residual ridges are more possible to be potential “sweet spots”.
分类： 材料科学 >> 材料科学（综合） 分类： 地球科学 >> 海洋科学 提交时间： 2016-11-14 合作期刊: 《中国腐蚀与防护学报》
摘要： 摘要：为了可靠测定和解析锈层下金属腐蚀电化学，分别利用失重法和电化学方法对海水中不同浸泡时间的碳钢电极的腐蚀行为和腐蚀速率规律进行了研究。发现对于长期浸泡的碳钢电极，失重法和电化学方法得到的腐蚀速率结果见存在很大差异。利用XRD测定了长期浸泡后锈层成分的变化，发现长期浸泡碳钢电极锈层中的电化学活性成分β-FeOOH在测试过程中发生还原反应导致利用电化学方法测得的碳钢腐蚀速率大于失重法的结果，并且随浸泡时间的延长，这一偏差也增大。对长期浸泡碳钢电极进行-25μA/cm2阴极恒电流预极化处理后发现，随着浸泡时间的延长极化时间也延长，同时，经过预处理之后的碳钢电极电化学方法测得的腐蚀速率与失重法的结果间具有一致的变化规律，能够减小电化学方法对失重法测试结果的偏差。
分类： 地球科学 >> 地理学 提交时间： 2020-01-06 合作期刊: 《干旱区地理》
摘要： 以甘肃省土地开发强度与土地供给能力的协调关系为研究对象，运用指数计算模型、协调度模型和R/S分析方法研究了2001—2016年甘肃省土地利用空间协调度时空格局分异及态势，以期对国土开发利用、社会经济、资源环境相互协调推进提供参考依据。结果表明：（1） 甘肃省土地开发强度呈现上升趋势，土地供给能力变化幅度较小，基本保持在0.4左右。（2） 土地利用空间协调度时间上呈现上升—下降趋势，空间上呈现从河西走廊地区向陇东、陇南地区递增的空间格局，且河西地区土地利用空间协调状态不稳定，协调等级较低。（3） 各地区土地利用空间协调度的Hurst指数均大于0.5，在未来一段时间内土地利用空间协调度仍然会以延续过去变化态势为主，其中张掖市具有较强持续性，而其余地区持续性相对较弱。整体上，甘肃省土地利用空间协调度时空分异特征仍十分明显。为了满足将来土地开发利用的需求，各市州要明确发展定位，在资源环境约束下合理调控土地开发利用强度。
分类： 地球科学 >> 空间物理学 提交时间： 2017-03-31
摘要： Ulysses magnetic and plasma data are used to study hourly-scale Alfv{\'e}nic fluctuations in the solar polar wind. The calculated energy ratio $R^2_{v_A}$(cal) of inward to outward Alfv{\'e}n waves is obtained from the observed Wal{\'e}n slope through an analytical expression, and the observed $R^2_{v_A}$(obs) is based on a direct decomposition of original Alfv{\'e}nic fluctuations into outward- and inward-propagating Alfv{\'e}n waves. The radial variation of $R^2_{v_A}$(cal) shows a monotonically increasing trend with heliocentric distance $r$, implying the increasing local generation or contribution of inward Alfv{\'e}n waves. The contribution is also shown by the radial increase in the occurrence of dominant inward fluctuations. We further pointed out a higher occurrence ($\sim 83\%$ of a day in average) of dominant outward Alfv{\'e}nic fluctuations in the solar wind than previously estimated. Since $R^2_{v_A}$(cal) is more accurate than $R^2_{v_A}$(obs) in the measurement of the energy ratio for dominant outward fluctuations, the values of $R^2_{v_A}$(cal) in our results are likely more realistic in the solar wind than previously estimated and than $R^2_{v_A}$(obs) in our results. The duration ratio $R_T$ of dominant inward to all Alfv{\'e}nic fluctuations increases monotonically with $r$, and is about two or more times that from {\it Voyager 2} observations at $r \geq 4$~AU. Finally, from the variation trend in our results, a higher (lower) occurrence rate is expected at $r 4$~AU) for dominant outward Alfv{\'e}nic fluctuations, and opposite variations are expected for dominant inward fluctuations. Simultaneously, $R^2_{v_A}$(cal) and $R_T$ will be expected to be smaller at $r 4$~AU. These results reveal new qualitative and quantitative features of Alfv{\'e}nic fluctuations therein compared with previous studies and put constraints on modelling the variation of solar wind fluctuations.
分类： 地球科学 >> 地理学 提交时间： 2020-01-06 合作期刊: 《干旱区地理》
摘要： 基于秦巴山商洛地区农户问卷调查数据，在可持续生计框架下，聚焦不同群体之间生计资本状况，并探讨其农户生计资本对生计策略选择的影响以及生计资本的耦合性。结果表明：（1） 山区农户生计策略出现明显分化，依据非农收入比重分为纯务工型、务工主导型、兼业型和纯农型4种类型。（2） 调研样本中农户生计资本有限和不均衡，呈现金融资本和社会资本相对较高，自然资本、人力资本偏低的特征。非贫困户中兼业型生计资本总值最高，务工主导型、纯务工型次之，纯农型最低；贫困户中务工主导型生计资本总值最高，纯务工型、兼业型次之，纯农型最低。（3） 非贫困户中人均耕地面积、人均林地面积、耕地质量、职业技能水平、政治资源、就业网络对纯务工型农户向务工主导型、兼业型转变有着积极影响，家庭人均收入、男性劳动力比例则具有负向影响；家庭人均收入和职业技能水平对于纯务工型向纯农型转变有负向影响。贫困户中人均耕地面积、人均林地面积、政治资源对纯务工型农户向务工主导型、兼业型和纯农型转变具有正向影响，家庭人均收入、劳动力教育水平、职业技能水平、联系成本则具有负向影响。（4） 非贫困农户生计资本耦合度依次为兼业型＞务工主导型＞纯务工型＞纯农型；贫困农户则为兼业型＞纯务工型＞务工主导型＞纯农型。因此，开展农户可持续性生计研究，对于农户减贫、促进乡村地区发展具有重要意义。
分类： 地球科学 >> 空间物理学 提交时间： 2017-06-13
摘要： Low temperature thermochronology plays a key role in the study of tectonic evolution of the upper crust. The general application of thermal history modelling of apatite fission-track analysis requires both the parameters of the apparent age together with the confined track-length distribution of the spontaneous tracks. However, obtaining length data is relatively easy and does not require either irradiation or LA-ICP-MS commonly used for determining the uranium content of the grains for age dating. This leads to a shorter laboratory process. For this purpose, based on apatite U-Th/He method, this paper attempts to decouple apatite fission-track age from apatite fission-track length, and then combine the lengths with the respective apatite U-Th/He age to model the thermal history. Therefore, experiments were designed and conducted using a new program "Low-T Thermo". Results of this modelling are presented from the following experiments: apatite fission-track age combined with apatite U-Th/He age; apatite fission-track confined track-length distribution plus apatite U-Th/He age. The modelling precision using this method is related to the relative errors of the apatite U-Th/He ages and the helium diffusion model. This combination of apatite fission-track length and apatite U-Th/He ages has not been implemented before but is presented here as an alternative way of determining thermal histories without the addition of apatite fission-track ages.
分类： 地球科学 >> 地理学 提交时间： 2020-01-06 合作期刊: 《干旱区地理》
摘要： 发展旅游业作为一种有效的减贫手段已引起政府和社会各界的广泛关注，当前急需科学评估旅游发展的减贫效应，以便为制定切实可行的旅游扶贫政策提供借鉴。基于中国2000—2015年31个省(市、自治区)的面板数据，利用熵值法评价了各地区旅游发展水平，运用面板门槛模型考察了旅游发展的减贫效应。结果表明：（1） 旅游发展存在显著的减贫效应，但因发展水平不同而存在门槛效应。（2） 减贫效应存在“东—中—西”阶梯式递增的变化特征。（3） 随旅游发展水平的提高，减贫效应具有逐步收敛的边际递减特征，其中旅游发展水平处于低区段时的减贫效应最大，中低区段的减贫效应次之，中高区段的减贫效应不显著，高区段的减贫效应进一步缩小，总体呈倒“J”型。基于此，提出了充分发挥旅游减贫效应的对策建议。
分类： 地球科学 >> 海洋科学 提交时间： 2017-03-22 合作期刊: 《中国科学院院刊》
摘要： 水圈包括海洋、湖沼、河流、冰川、地下水等，水圈中居住着地球上一半以上的微生物，包括细菌、古菌、真菌、藻类、病毒等，蕴含着地球上最大的微生物组。已有的研究表明，水圈微生物在重要元素生物地球化学循环中发挥关键驱动作用。但是，人们对水圈微生物组的核心科学问题，即微生物如何发挥驱动作用至今了解不多。最近，国家自然科学基金委员会“水圈微生物驱动地球元素循环的机制”重大研究计划（简称“水圈微生物计划”）正式立项。该计划拟选择典型水圈环境，解析微生物群落构建及与环境之间的相互作用、微生物物质与能量代谢机制以及微生物代谢活动的生态学意义与贡献，从而揭示水圈微生物驱动碳、氮、硫等元素生物地球化学循环的机制。文章简述了该计划提出的背景与依据，以及涉及的主要科学问题和研究设想。
分类： 地球科学 >> 地理学 提交时间： 2019-09-06
摘要： The maintenance of a soil’s infiltration rate (IR) and field-saturated hydraulic conductivity (Kfs) is crucial for the long-term sustainable functioning of wastewater-irrigated lands. However, an effective procedure for reliably measuring in situ soil Kfs remains elusive. To address this issue, this study investigated the DualHead Infiltrometer (DHI), a novel instrument for automatically determining IR and Kfs, and compared it with a traditional Double-Ring Infiltrometer (DRI) under various field conditions. In the initial phase, we optimized the procedure and settings for the DHIs in a cropland that has been spray-irrigated with secondary-treated wastewater for decades in central Pennsylvania. Results showed that our optimized procedure, which used a single, long pressure cycle, yielded more robust measurements of IR than the originally recommended sequence of two short pressure cycles. The values of Kfs measured by the DHIs with optimized settings were similar to those measured by DRIs under many (but not all) field conditions, due to their differences in infiltration surface areas, operational procedures, length of infiltration time, and soil spatiotemporal variability. Viscosity-corrected Kfs on the irrigated cropland was 123.8±94.0 mm h-1, higher than that on the adjacent non-irrigated cropland (103.2±94.6 mm h-1), but the difference was not statistically significant, owing to the high degree of soil spatiotemporal variability and our limited number of measurements. Nevertheless, the higher Kfs values measured on irrigated cropland reflect observed changes in soil structure (e.g., soil pore characteristics) that have resulted from decades of irrigation. Seasonal variations in Kfs values existed between winter and summer conditions, but IRs during all seasons remained much higher than the current spray-irrigation rate (4.25 mm h-1), suggesting that the soil is still capable of handling the routine irrigation, even during winter. However, the coefficients of variation exceeded 67.0% across the field sites investigated and the time periods covered by our measurements were limited. As this specific site is permitted to discharge treated wastewater year-round, caution must still be exercised to ensure that soil Kfs remains high enough to prevent runoff generation, especially during winter frozen conditions.
分类： 地球科学 >> 空间物理学 提交时间： 2017-03-10
摘要： Electromagnetic waves used for deep space communications are mainly affected by the charged particles ejected by the sun. These effects may result in degradation of communication quality or communication interruption. This paper discusses the effects of solar scintillation on electro-magnetic waves, including the scintillation index which is a measure of the intensity scintillation, the coherence bandwidth and the coherence time of deep space communication channel. The deep space communication channel under solar scintillation is modeled by using Rician fading channel according to the scintillation index. The coherence bandwidth will determine whether the channel is flat fading or frequency selective fading and the coherence time will determine whether the channel is slow fading or fast fading. The approach of choosing signal band width is determined by the coherence bandwidth and the coherence time with the change of the solar elongation angle. The simulation results show the bit error rate of the signal bandwidth chosen by the proposed approach is lower than a random choice.
分类： 地球科学 >> 地球科学其他学科 提交时间： 2019-09-11 合作期刊: 《干旱区研究》
摘要： 在天津市2000—2016年碳排放测算的基础上，运用LMDI模型分析天津市碳排放影响因素。结果表明：经济规模和能源强度对天津市碳排放影响较大，二者对碳排放影响分别表现为促进和抑制作用；通过将经济变量分为高、中、低3种情景，减排变量分为中减排和强减排2种情景，组合得到高增长强减排、中增长强减排等6种发展情景。基于STIRPAT扩展模型，预测6种组合情景下天津市碳排放变化趋势。结果显示，中增长强减排情景模式在保证经济发展的同时，较其余几种模式碳排放峰值及其年份均有优化，是天津市最佳发展模式。
分类： 地球科学 >> 空间物理学 提交时间： 2017-03-10
摘要： In this paper a three component model-based decomposition with adaptive selection of unitary transformations for polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (POLSAR) data processing is proposed. Singh et al implemented two unitary transformations on the coherency matrix to minimize the power of cross-polarization, and as a result the T23element of the coherency matrix becomes zero. Another two unitary transformations are proposed by us to carry out on the coherency matrix also to minimize the power of crosspolarization, and the T13element of the coherency matrix becomes zero. Here, we first implement Singh's two unitary transformations and the proposed two unitary transformations on the coherency matrix separately. Then we select the one which leads to the smaller T33. At last, we carry out the three component model-based decomposition proposed by Freeman and Durden based on the obtained coherency matrix. The smaller T33is obtained, the better the over-estimation of volume scattering in model-based decomposition can be suppressed. The RADARSAT-2 POLSAR data of San Francisco area is used to validate the improvement of the proposed method over the three component decomposition only with Singh's two unitary transformations.
分类： 地球科学 >> 空间物理学 提交时间： 2017-03-10
摘要： Target brightness temperature maps can be used in geostationary interferometric microwave sounder (GIMS) system simulation. System simulation with accurate target brightness temperature maps can evaluate system performance in near real case and thus help adjust design parameters for the sensor before it is finally put into use. In this paper, method of simulating target brightness temperature using Weather Research and Forecasting Model and Radiative Transfer for TOVS (RTTOV) has been discussed. Target brightness temperature simulation results at oxygen absorption band and water-vapor absorption band have been presented. Some preliminary analyses of simulated brightness temperature for GIMS' observation have also been given.
分类： 地球科学 >> 空间物理学 提交时间： 2017-03-10
摘要： With a standard deviation as large as 2 cm, the sea state bias (SSB) has become the dominant source of error in satellite altimetry. The operational SSB correction models are two-dimensional (2-D) empirical (parametric or nonparametric) models based on the altimeter-measured wind speed (U) and significant wave height (SWH). However, these 2-D SSB models cannot entirely parameterize the range bias variability. The SSB uncertainty may be lowered through improved SSB models including additional measurable or predictable correlatives. This paper presents a method to estimate the SSB from crossover differences by using a three-dimensional (3-D) nonparametric model. The model is based on U, SWH from Jason-2 altimeter ocean observations, and the mean wave period from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts reanalysis project ERA-Interim (The SSB model developed with the method presented in this paper is called “3-D SSB model” and the SSB estimated with the 3-D SSB model is called “3-D SSB estimate”). Simulations indicate that the wave period can greatly affect the SSB. Evaluated by the separate annual datasets from 2009 to 2011, the 3-D SSB estimates can increase the explained variance by 1.32 cm2, or 1.15-cm RMS relative to the traditional 2-D SSB estimates based on U and SWH. Spatial evaluation of improvement shows that the 3-D SSB estimates are better than the traditional 2-D SSB estimates at all latitudes. The enhancement from 2-D to 3-D SSB estimates is of great significance to improve the precision of the altimeter product.[COMP]: Please set math TYPE gin the sentence below (40) as per the authors PDF.
分类： 地球科学 >> 空间物理学 提交时间： 2017-03-10
摘要： A novel single-layer microstrip reflectarray element with fractal structure is proposed. Ansoft HFSS is used to analyze the reflect phase for the fractal element in honeycomb lattice. A 469-element prime focus microstrip reflectarray antenna composed of the proposed fractal elements is designed, manufactured, and measured. The measured gain level of 29.8 dB is obtained at the center frequency of 13.58 GHz with 1-dB gain bandwidth of 15.3%.
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